Cartesian coordinates
The following Cartesian coordinates define the vertices of a dodecahedron centered at the origin:
- (±1, ±1, ±1)
- (0, ±1/φ, ±φ)
- (±1/φ, ±φ, 0)
- (±φ, 0, ±1/φ)
where φ = (1+√5)/2 is the golden ratio (also written τ). The side length is 2/φ = √5−1. The containing sphere has a radius of √3.
The dihedral angle of a dodecahedron is 2arctan(φ) or approximately 116.565 degrees.
Geometric relations
The regular dodecahedron is the third in an infinite set of truncated trapezohedra which can be constructed by truncating the two axial vertices of a pentagonal trapezohedron.
The stellations of the dodecahedron make up three of the four Kepler-Poinsot polyhedra.
A rectified dodecahedron forms an icosidodecahedron.
Vertex arrangement
The dodecahedron shares its vertex arrangement with four nonconvex uniform polyhedrons and three uniform compounds.
Five cubes fit within, with their edges as diagonals of the dodecahedron's faces, and together these make up the regular polyhedral compound of five cubes. Since two tetrahedra can fit on alternate cube vertices, five and ten tetrahedra can also fit in a dodecahedron.
Icosahedron vs dodecahedron
When a dodecahedron is inscribed in a sphere, it occupies more of the sphere's volume (66.49%) than an icosahedron inscribed in the same sphere (60.54%).
A regular dodecahedron with edge length 1 has more than three and a half times the volume of an icosahedron with the same length edges (7.663... compared with 2.181...).
Other dodecahedra
The term dodecahedron is also used for other polyhedra with twelve faces, most notably the rhombic dodecahedron which is dual to the cuboctahedron (an Archimedean solid) and occurs in nature as a crystal form. The Platonic solid dodecahedron can be called a pentagonal dodecahedron or a regular dodecahedron to distinguish it. The pyritohedron is an irregular pentagonal dodecahedron.
Read more at Wikipedia.org
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